In 2004 the FDA approved the first artificial disc for the treatment of severe low back pain.  The artificial disc replaces damaged or worn-out spinal discs.  It is designed both to align and to allow the spine to move, relieving pain and preserving motion.

Previously, the most common surgical treatment for severe back pain caused by disc damage was spinal fusion.  Spinal fusion surgery removes the damaged disc and through the use of bone grafts and metal screws and/or cages to immobilize that area of the spine, relieving pain by limiting motion.

The artificial disc consists of two metallic endplates and a movable, high-density plastic center, which replaces the damaged disc.  To implant it, a surgeon approaches the spine thought the patient’s abdomen. The procedure generally takes three to four hours and is often performed by two surgeons: a general surgeon who makes the incision and moves internal organs and blood vessels out of the way; and a spine surgeon who removes the damaged disc and implants the artificial disc.  The damaged disc is removed, the two adjacent vertebrae are spread apart, and the artificial disc is implanted to take its place. 

Studies of ADR surgeries showed post-operative complications were similar to those of traditional spinal fusion, such as unresolved pain, allergic reactions, and bladder problems.  But patients who got the replacement disc maintained flexibility, left the hospital sooner, and were more satisfied with their procedure than were spinal fusion patients.

In general, disc replacement patients return to work and normal activity sooner than spinal fusion patients – within 12 weeks or less compared to the six months needed by spinal fusion patients.

Disc replacement is not an option for every patient with severe back pain.